Earn Your Geosciences Degree Online
- $330/credit (120 total credits)
- Transfer up to 90 credits
- Work on real-world geoscience projects
- Gain valuable hands-on experience
- Participate in instructor-led labs with custom kits
- No application fee or SAT/ACT scores required
Geosciences Degree Online Program Overview
Gain the analytical, technical and communication skills you need to take on complex environmental issues with a Bachelor of Science in Geosciences degree online from Southern New Hampshire University. Our program provides a strong foundation in the physical sciences with a focus on geography, geology, earth systems science, physics, chemistry and spatial awareness.
Along the way, you'll have custom kits mailed directly to your home, so you can conduct experiments and study the physical and chemical aspects of our planet. You'll use data and technology, like GIS and remote sensing techniques, to examine and solve current problems in the geosciences. Plus, you'll have opportunities to volunteer, participate in internships and engage in experiential learning courses that align with your career goals.
Upon graduation from our bachelor's in geosciences program, you'll have obtained skills and experience that can help you step directly into the professional world.
What You'll Learn
- Research method implementations to solve problems in the geosciences
- Tools, technologies and scientific principle applications to visualize data/address geoscience issues
- Data analysis techniques to study Earth's systems and resources
- Skills to make data-informed and ethically responsible geoscientific decisions
- Methods to communicate technical information to a variety of audiences
How You'll Learn
At SNHU, you'll get support from day 1 to graduation and beyond. And with no set class times, 24/7 access to the online classroom, and helpful learning resources along the way, you'll have everything you need to reach your goals.
Concentration Options
Data Analytics in Science
Help solve real challenges that affect our planet through data analysis with a BS in Geosciences with a concentration in Data Analytics in Science.
As a geoscientist, your work will tackle some of the environment’s most pressing challenges our Earth faces from multiple perspectives. By building upon your skills with expertise in statistics, data collection and database environments, you can take your work a step further — using numbers to understand and analyze earth systems in geographic areas across the globe.
Career outlook:
Big data is transforming organizations across industries. These large volumes of data can be analyzed to identify and solve problems, provide insights, and lead to better decision-making and practical solutions for global climate problems. It makes sense that data analytics can be an attractive addition to a geoscientist’s skill set.
For example, data can help inform effective disaster management efforts and determine appropriate land usage. It can also be used to enhance the prediction of extreme weather events or evaluate renewable energy resources.
Courses in the data analytics in science concentration are designed to grow skills that can help set you apart from other professionals in your field. You’ll learn how to use statistical models for making predictions, diagnose and solve critical challenges, and create structured database environments that can be used to host and make sense of complex information.
Courses may include:
- Applied Statistics II for Science, Technology Engineering and Mathematics (STEM)
- Gathering Requirements and Collecting Data
- Introduction to Structured Database Environments
Those interested in a more business-focused approach to data application may want to check out our full Bachelor of Science in Data Analytics degree online program.
Natural Resources & Conservation
Learn how to mitigate, manage and remediate hazards related to our planet's natural resources in our online Bachelor of Science in Geosciences with a concentration in Natural Resources and Conservation.
"The natural resources and conservation concentration focuses on ways in which humans and human activities are threatening earth’s natural processes and impacting our environment," said Dr. Kelly Thrippleton-Hunter, adjunct faculty for science at SNHU. "It also highlights ways in which sustainable practices can be utilized to help reduce environmental impact and preserve our natural resources."
The coursework covers global climate change, alternative energy, sustainability and more of today's most important environmental challenges. You'll gain the skills and experience you need to meet intensifying demand for geoscience professionals specialized in energy, environmental protection, and land and resource management.
"I wanted to study this program to gain knowledge in waste production, remediation, climate change, the use of fossil fuels, changes we can make to stop climate change and the use of renewable energy," said Mike Pinto '21.
Career outlook:
As a graduate of the program, you'll be prepared to pursue or advance your career in a variety of roles, including:
- Environmental specialist
- Environmental inspector
- Field examiner
- Environmental compliance manager
The U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics projects that employment for environmental scientists and specialists, including those in health fields, will grow 5% by 2031.1
Courses may include:
- Energy and Society
- Environmental Issues
- Global Climate Change
- Waste: Sources, Reduction & Remediation
Career Outlook
From identifying petroleum extraction sites to predicting earthquakes, geoscientists perform valued – and often critical – functions for our society. The demand for skilled geoscience professionals will intensify over the next few decades due to our rapidly growing population and the need for creative solutions for energy, land and resource management, and environmental protection.
Among the roles in greatest demand are:
Climate Change Analyst
Examine the effects of the changing climate on ecosystems.
GIS Analyst
Use geographic information systems (GIS) to create, manage, analyze and map data.
Geologist
Study the history of Earth, including materials, processes and formation.
Environmental Engineer
Help improve lives by designing solutions to environmental problems.
Depending on the specific responsibilities of a job, you might find yourself working in an office, laboratory, in the field or a combination of the 3. If your position involves extensive research, you could end up traveling often and working outside of typical work hours. But where your career leads you is ultimately up to you.
At SNHU, you have the ability to shape your skill set for your career by using your elective courses to your advantage. Maximize the potential of your program by choosing subjects that complement your core courses.
"The program is designed to offer the flexibility to hone in on the areas of geoscience that are most interesting to you. For example, students who are interested in energy and resource management may choose to take courses in sustainability, natural resources or energy and society," said Tyra Davey, associate dean of science. "On the other hand, those looking to work in the field of GIS, remote sensing or analytics may want to focus on using technology and data."
Wyatt Martensen '21 took advantage of that opportunity.
"The work that I do requires a pretty thorough background in the systems that we use, and thankfully enough, Southern New Hampshire University has those types of software that I use in my day-to-day workflow," he said. "It really gave me a head start with the career path that I've chosen."
Job Growth and Salary
As the need for energy, environmental protection, and responsible land and resource management rises, the U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics notes an expected increase in demand for geoscientists.
Job Growth
The BLS projects that employment for geoscientists will grow 5% by 2031, on par with the national average.1
Salary
The median pay in 2021 for those in geoscientist roles was $83,680, according to the BLS.1
Start Your Journey Toward an Online Geoscience Degree
Why SNHU for Your Geoscience Degree
Flexible
With no set class meeting times, you can learn on your schedule and access online course materials 24/7.
Affordable
As part of our mission to make higher education more accessible, we’re committed to keeping our tuition rates low. In fact, we offer some of the lowest online tuition rates in the nation.
Prior coursework could also help you save time and money. SNHU’s transfer policy allows you to transfer up to 90 credits toward your bachelor's degree and 45 credits for an associate degree from your previous institutions—that means you could save up to 75% off the cost of tuition. You could also save time and money by getting college credit for previous work experience, or by taking advantage of military discounts and employer tuition assistance if available to you.
Respected
Founded in 1932, Southern New Hampshire University is a private, nonprofit institution with over 160,000 graduates across the country. SNHU is accredited by the New England Commission of Higher Education (NECHE), a regional accreditor, which advocates for institutional improvement and public assurance of quality.
Recently, SNHU has been nationally recognized for leading the way toward more innovative, affordable and achievable education:
- U.S. News & World Report named SNHU the 2021 Most Innovative University in the North and one of the nation's "Best Regional Universities"
- Awarded the 21st Century Distance Learning Award for Excellence in Online Technology by The United States Distance Learning Association (USDLA)
- A $1 million grant from Google.org to explore soft skills assessments for high-need youth
Network
At Southern New Hampshire University, you'll have access to a powerful network of more than 300,000 students, alumni and staff that can help support you long after graduation. Our instructors offer relevant, real-world expertise to help you understand and navigate the field. Plus, with our growing, nationwide alumni network, you'll have the potential to tap into a number of internship and career opportunities.
93.6% of online students would recommend SNHU (according to a 2022 survey with 17,000+ respondents). Discover why SNHU may be right for you.
Admission Requirements
Expanding access to quality higher education means removing the barriers that may stand between you and your degree. That’s why you can apply at any time and get a decision within days of submitting all required materials:
- Completed free undergraduate application
- Prior transcripts, which we can retrieve at no cost to you
- Test scores are not required as part of your application
Acceptance decisions are made on a rolling basis throughout the year for our 6 (8-week) undergraduate terms.
How to Apply
If you’re ready to apply, follow these simple steps to get the process going:
- Complete a free undergraduate application
- Submit any additional documents required
- Work with an admission counselor to explore financial options and walk through the application process
If you have questions or need help filling out your application, call 1.888.387.0861 or email enroll@snhu.edu.
A Field With Endless Possibilities
Tyra Davey, associate dean of science
"Geoscientists have the opportunity to make new discoveries, solve meaningful problems and find innovative solutions in the field of earth science. Using the advancing tools and technology, geoscientists can analyze the vast data and information that's available to help protect our planet."
Courses & Curriculum
The BS in Geosciences gives you a solid foundation in the physical sciences with a focus on geography, geology, earth systems science, physics and chemistry. Through our instructor-led lab courses, you'll gain valuable hands-on experience.
SNHU's online geosciences program gives you the opportunity to tailor your degree through 21 free elective credits or the addition of a concentration. After considering your interests, you might take courses in information technology, public administration, anthropology or even history. Through this geosciences degree, you'll get to drive the direction of your studies.
With interdisciplinary coursework, your assignments focus on real-world problems and skills that can then be applied outside of courses. Students also work with hands-on lab kits and may participate in volunteer, internship and experiential learning opportunities that can further enhance their experiences, skills and marketability to employers.
"The biggest thing that helped me through college is understanding the programs that I now use in my day-to-day job," said Wyatt Martensen '21, who works in mapping as a cartographer. "Southern New Hampshire University has the same software programs that I use at my job to make sure that the maps and the charts are up to date for mariners."
You'll take courses designed by subject-matter experts in the field, and you'll learn from instructors who work in the industry.
"Each instructor did bring knowledge to the class based on their personal experiences and their specialty in that particular area of geoscience," said Mike Pinto '21. "My instructors were always there for help right away if I had any additional questions or if I didn’t have a clear understanding of course content. They also posted announcements a couple of times per week to further explain each assignment."
The convenience of the 24/7 online platform can help you succeed, as well.
"I am able to balance my school work and actual work in the military," said student Bethanie Thomas. "SNHU's flexible class schedules are key."
Experiential Learning
Another special feature of the geosciences degree is the opportunity to engage in experiential learning, which is essential to gaining the skills and professional experience needed to become a marketable candidate in the workforce. Using your free electives, you'll have the opportunity to take several experiential learning courses, with topics including:
- Citizen science: This topic encompasses the involvement of the public in scientific research to help address societal needs and accelerate science, technology and innovation. You'll contribute to solving real-world problems by formulating research questions, conducting scientific experiments and more.
- Research experiences in science: Extend your knowledge of the scientific method by engaging in research projects you design. The corresponding hands-on research and presentation skills you'll gain are vital in the fields of environmental science or geoscience.
- Certifications and licensures: Select a certification or license of your choosing with help from your instructor — then use the course time to study for it. Note: It's up to you to choose a certification or license for which you qualify.
- Grant writing in science: This topic provides useful experience in writing grants — a skill valuable across any discipline and profession. Since many non-profit, state and municipal entities rely on grants to support their programs and/or research, this funding can be the key to getting a project off the ground.
- Animal behavior: The key component of conservation biology (the study of Earth's biodiversity) is animal behavior. In studying animal behavior, you'll gain valuable hands-on research skills.
Curriculum Requirements & Resources
Degree-Specific Courses
The program emphasizes geoscience data for its uses in problem solving and establishing policies that support public health and safety, effective resource management, ethical decision making and environmental protection. You'll study topics such as chemistry, physics, geohazards, geology, atmospheric science and research methods.
General Education
All undergraduate students are required to take general education courses, which are part of SNHU's newly redesigned program, The Commons. The goal of The Commons' curriculum is to empower you with some of the most in-demand skills, so you can succeed not only in your academic career, but in your personal and professional life too.
Technology Resources
We provide cloud-based virtual environments in some courses to give you access to the technology you need for your degree – and your career. Learn more about our virtual environments.
Earn Math Credits
Save time and tuition with our Pathways to Math Success assessments. Depending on your scores, you could earn up to 12 math credits – the equivalent of 4 courses – toward your degree for less than $50 per assessment. For additional information, or to register for a Pathways to Math Success assessment, contact your admission counselor or academic advisor today.
| View Full Curriculum in the Catalog |
|---|
| BS in Geosciences |
| Courses May Include | ||
|---|---|---|
| BS in Geosciences Online | ||
| CHM 101 | Fundamentals of Chemistry | An introductory chemistry course emphasizing the contribution of chemistry in our everyday lives. This course will enable students to look at various aspects of the world around them through the lens of chemistry. It will introduce basic concepts and applications of chemistry as well as chemical topics and their relationship to matters of societal concern. |
| CHM 101L | Fundamentals of Chemistry Lab | This course will use laboratory techniques to study the fundamental principles of chemistry. Topics such as the mole, chemical equilibria, chemical and physical properties, solutions, kinetics, etc., will all be covered along with other topics important to chemistry. |
| GEO 330 | Geohazards | This course will explore disasters due to natural phenomena such as climate change, hurricanes, tornadoes, earthquakes, tsunami, volcanic eruptions, asteroid/comet impacts, and mass extinctions. Each type of event will be considered in terms of its origin, evolution, warning potential, range of significant environmental impacts and possible mitigation strategies, as well as key historical cases of these geohazards. |
| PHY 101 | Principles of Physics | Principles of Physics is an algebra based course that explores the major topics in physics, such as motion and forces, gravity and projectiles, energy and work, thermodynamics, vibrations and waves, electricity and magnetism, solids and fluids, light and optics, and atomic and nuclear physics. |
| PHY 101L | Principles of Physics Lab | This course will use laboratory techniques to study the fundamental principles of physics. Topics such as motion and forces, gravity and projectiles, and energy and work will be covered along with other topics important to physics. |
| PHY 103 | Earth System Science | Earth Science presents the basic dynamics of cycles and processes of the Earth, including an overview of the origin of the planet, its physical and chemical composition, and geological and chemical interactions. The course culminates in a discussion of the current health of the planet and examines related environmental issues and evidence. |
| PHY 205 | Principles of Geology | This course will introduce students to the Earth's structure and composition, minerals and rocks, surface processes, elementary petrology, and the principle of plate tectonics. Additionally, historical geology, including paleontology, glaciation, earthquakes and seismology, rivers and drainage, and groundwater will be discussed. |
| PHY 205L | Principles of Geology Lab | This online laboratory course component will allow students to integrate and apply theory based knowledge related to the study of rocks, minerals, and geologic mapping. |
| SCI 207 | Atmospheric Science | This course will focus on the fundamental principles of the physics, chemistry, and fluid dynamics underlying weather and climate. Additionally, the continual movement of weather and its associated elements, and the development of climate change will be addressed. |
| SCI 225 | Spatial Awareness | This course will examine the study, use, and design of map formats and specialized products such as fence-diagrams and cross-sections, as well as symbology, coordinate systems, and how maps record the historical patterns of human behavior. The course will also review maps as a tool to analyze human activity and societal development, and include important aspects of map data collection, processing, the Global Positioning System (GPS), quantitative mapping, and GIS-based mapmaking techniques. Additionally, students will review how humans process the concept of space. |
| SCI 310 | Geostatistics and Data Analysis | This course will review geostatistical methods for their use in the spatial analysis of geological and environmental data. Students will explore the application of geostatistics for the description of spatial patterns and identification of scales of variability, spatial interpolation, and stochastic modeling of environmental attributes, and the creation of risk maps and their use in geoscientific decision making. |
| SCI 320 | Geosciences Methodologies | This course will explore the scientific methodology, empirical reasoning, and specific application of research methods in the geosciences. Students will explore key instrumentation and their application in laboratory settings, as well as survey techniques, sample collection, and elementary modeling. |
| SCI 350 | Leadership and Ethics in the Geosciences | As professionals, students will be expected to use their knowledge and skills to enhance understanding of Earth for the well-being of society and the environment. As such, this course will focus on leadership and ethics as it relates to the practice of the geosciences. Topics will include project management techniques related to scheduling and budgeting projects, group dynamics, organizational behavior, and compliance. |
| SCI 425 | Geoscientific Research Methods | This is the pre-capstone course for Geosciences majors. Through the emphasis in this course on the acquisition and integration of geoscientific research, students will learn to synthesize knowledge and skills from prior program coursework to develop a research project in a chosen area of specialization. This course focuses on helping students propose a topic for research, conduct preliminary research, and develop a capstone research proposal. This course prepares students for the formal capstone submission in the following course, Geosciences Capstone. |
| SCI 489 | Geosciences Capstone | This capstone course is the culminating experience for the B.S. in Geosciences program. The aim of the capstone is to assess students' ability to synthesize and integrate the knowledge and skills they have developed throughout their coursework, rather than introducing new concepts. This course extends students' research proposals created in Geoscientific Research Methods into a formal capstone project and is structured to support student success in fulfilling program requirements. |
| Total Credits: 120 | ||
Minimum Hardware Requirements
|
Component Type |
PC (Windows OS) |
Apple (Mac OS) |
|---|---|---|
|
Operating System |
Currently supported operating system from Microsoft. |
Currently supported operating system from Apple. |
|
Memory (RAM) |
8GB or higher |
8GB or higher |
|
Hard Drive |
100GB or higher |
100GB or higher |
|
Antivirus Software |
Required for campus students. Strongly recommended for online students. |
Required for campus students. Strongly recommended for online students. |
|
SNHU Purchase Programs |
||
|
Internet/ Bandwidth |
5 Mbps Download, 1 Mbps Upload and less than 100 ms Latency |
5 Mbps Download, 1 Mbps Upload and less than 100 ms Latency |
Notes:
- Laptop or desktop? Whichever you choose depends on your personal preference and work style, though laptops tend to offer more flexibility.
- Note: Chromebooks (Chrome OS) and iPads (iOS) do not meet the minimum requirements for coursework at SNHU. These offer limited functionality and do not work with some course technologies. They are not acceptable as the only device you use for coursework. While these devices are convenient and may be used for some course functions, they cannot be your primary device. SNHU does, however, have an affordable laptop option that it recommends: Dell Latitude 3301 with Windows 10.
- Office 365 Pro Plus is available free of charge to all SNHU students and faculty. The Office suite will remain free while you are a student at SNHU. Upon graduation you may convert to a paid subscription if you wish. Terms subject to change at Microsoft's discretion. Review system requirements for Microsoft 365 plans for business, education and government.
- Antivirus software: Check with your ISP as they may offer antivirus software free of charge to subscribers.
University Accreditation
Tuition & Fees
As a private, nonprofit university, we’re committed to making college more accessible by making it more affordable. That’s why we offer some of the lowest online tuition rates in the nation.
We also offer financial aid packages to those who qualify, plus a 30% tuition discount for U.S. service members, both full and part time, and the spouses of those on active duty.
| Online Undergraduate Programs | Per Course | Per Credit Hour | Annual Cost for 30 credits |
|---|---|---|---|
| Degree/Certificates | $990 | $330 | $9,900 |
| Degree/Certificates (U.S. service members, both full and part time, and the spouses of those on active duty)* | $693 | $231 | $6,930 |
Tuition Rates are subject to change and are reviewed annually. *Note: students receiving this rate are not eligible for additional discounts.
Additional Costs No Application Fee, Course Materials ($ varies by course)
Frequently Asked Questions
Are geoscience and geology the same? What's the difference?
While geosciences and geology have some overlapping components, they are not entirely the same.
Geoscience is an interdisciplinary field that covers a broad spectrum of disciplines, including earth science, atmospheric science, geology, geography, physics and chemistry. It allows you to study the dynamic nature of the earth, understand its history to predict current and future changes, and find ways to manage our natural resources in a sustainable way.
On the other hand, geology is a subdiscipline of earth science, that specifically focuses on the history of the earth, the rocks and minerals that compose it and the processes that act upon it.
Can you get a geosciences degree online?
Yes. Students can earn their BS in Geosciences online because the program's coursework easily translates to a virtual classroom.
"I was excited to study online since going to school in person didn’t fit my schedule," said Mike Pinto '21.
You'll take science classes like chemistry, physics and geology – and you can get the hands-on experience you need through lab kits mailed to your home.* And you'll finish up your bachelor's degree with geoscientific research methods and capstone courses, giving you the opportunity to develop a research project in a chosen area of specialization.
For Wyatt Martensen '21, the online platform was crucial. He began his studies at SNHU when he was deployed to Afghanistan.
"As time went on throughout my deployment, I managed to find time," he said. "I had a little extra time at the end of each day to study and to take the classes that I was enrolled in, and even when I was flying back and coming back into the states, all my professors helped me along the way. There were no complications."
*Due to shipping laws, lab courses requiring lab kits must be completed within the contiguous United States. New students living outside the lower 48 states may be eligible to transfer in lab credits from accredited institutions. If a currently enrolled student moves outside of the contiguous U.S., they may petition to take the labs at another institution for credit.
Is geosciences a good degree?
Geosciences is an excellent major choice if you're interested in working in a growing STEM field. If you have a passion for our planet, earning a geosciences degree is one way to study its past and protect its future.
"I absolutely recommend this program to anyone who is interested in studying weather, climate, causes and effects of climate change and the use of renewable energy," said Mike Pinto '21.
The U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics projects that employment for geoscientists will grow 5% by 2031.1
"I chose the program because it's just something that I really enjoy," said student Bethanie Thomas. "There's a lot of opportunities that open up for geological science. ... You can do a lot with it. I'm a big Earth lover, so if I can do anything to help and be a part of the cause to save our planet or at least preserve what's here, I'm here for it."
What does a geoscientist do?
Geoscientists can help mitigate risks related to natural disasters like earthquakes, floods or landslides. They can also provide scientific counsel and advice on ways to preserve the environment or sustainably manage natural resources. Additionally, they can work with geospatial technology to prepare maps, analyze geographic data and study issues like climate change, disaster relief and resource management.
With such a diverse field of study, career opportunities abound for geoscientists. Geoscientists can work in all sectors, including nonprofit, government, industry, academia and research, and jobs can include a combination of field, laboratory and office work – or all of one and none of the others.
"The field of geoscience can open doors to many career paths," said Tyra Davey, associate dean of science.
Geoscientists can pursue careers in a multitude of areas and disciplines, including:
- Advising policymakers on decisions relating to protecting the earth
- Communicating the importance of geoscience to the public through scientific writing, education and public outreach
- Environmental assessment and remediation
- Forecasting weather or global climate patterns
- Observing and forecasting natural hazards
- Modeling Earth’s systems
- Sustainably manage energy and natural resources
Davey also offered suggestions for careers that you could be positioned for with a geosciences degree:
- Cartographer
- Climate researcher
- Earth scientist
- Environmental consultant
- Environmental data analyst
- Environmental specialist
- Geoscientist
- GIS technician/analyst
- Natural resources or sustainability manager
- Park ranger
- Remote sensing specialist
- Spatial statistician
- Waste management specialist
Some of these roles may require additional education or training beyond a bachelor's degree.
What education do you need to be a geoscientist?
Earning a bachelor's degree is essential to becoming a geoscientist. Some in the field go on to earn their master's degree, as well.
Employers require a specific skill set learned through coursework and hands-on training at universities. Desirable qualities for geoscientist, according to BLS, include1:
- Communication skills, for reports and research papers
- Critical-thinking skills, to evaluate data
- Outdoor skills, to conduct fieldwork
- Physical stamina, for hiking and carrying equipment
- Problem-solving skills, to handle complex challenges
"The degree that I have from Southern New Hampshire University, it would be very hard to have the position that I hold now without it," said Wyatt Martensen '21.
What jobs can I get with a geoscience degree?
The skills you build when you earn a geosciences degree are appealing in a wide range of industries. Because of that, geoscientists are employable all across the workforce.
The American Geosciences Institute lists dozens of professions in which geoscientists are employed2:
- Business, like defense contractors and environmental managers
- Education, like outreach specialists and professors
- Engineering, like geological and petroleum engineers
- Law, like environment and land use lawyers
- Medicine, like epidemiologists and toxicologists
- Policy, like congressional staffers and science advisors
- Science, like mineralogists and soil scientists
- Writing, like science communicators and journalists
Some of these roles may require additional education or training beyond a bachelor's degree.
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References
Sources & Citations (1, 2)
1 Bureau of Labor Statistics, U.S. Department of Labor, Occupational Outlook Handbook, on the internet at:
- https://www.bls.gov/ooh/life-physical-and-social-science/environmental-scientists-and-specialists.htm (viewed Oct. 24, 2022)
- https://www.bls.gov/ooh/life-physical-and-social-science/geoscientists.htm (viewed Oct. 24, 2022)
Cited projections may not reflect local or short-term economic or job conditions and do not guarantee actual job growth.
2 American Geosciences Institute, Workforce Infographic, on the internet, at https://www.americangeosciences.org/workforce/workforce-infographic (viewed Oct. 22, 2021)